Draft: lab 3 irq wtf

Makefile

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 MAKE := make
+MAKEFLAGS += -j 8
 
 ARCH := aarch64
 GNU := $(ARCH)-linux-gnu
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ CCFLAGS += -Wall -Wextra -O0 \
 LD := $(GNU)-ld
 LDFLAGS += -g -nostdlib -no-pie
 OBJCOPY := $(GNU)-objcopy
+OBJDUMP := $(GNU)-objdump
 
 MISC_DIR := misc
 QEMUFLAGS += -dtb $(MISC_DIR)/bcm2710-rpi-3-b-plus.dtb
@@ -43,15 +45,17 @@ TARGET_OBJS := $(TARGET_SRCS:%=%.o)
 SRCS := $(shell find $(LIB_DIR) -name '*.c')
 OBJS := $(SRCS:%=%.o)
 
-.PHONY: all build clean clean_target run kernel debug gdb
+.PHONY: all build clean clean_target run \
+        kernel bootloader userprog debug gdb objdump
 
 all: $(CPIO)
-	$(MAKE) build TARGET_DIR=./kernel TARGET=kernel8
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKEFLAGS) build TARGET_DIR=kernel TARGET=kernel8
-	$(MAKE) build TARGET_DIR=./bootloader TARGET=bootloader
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKEFLAGS) build TARGET_DIR=bootloader TARGET=bootloader
 
 build: $(IMG)
 
-$(CPIO): $(shell find $(ROOTFS_DIR))
+$(CPIO): $(shell find $(ROOTFS_DIR)) userprog
+	cp userprog.img $(ROOTFS_DIR)/userprog
 	cd $(ROOTFS_DIR) && find . | cpio -o -H newc > ../$@
 
 $(IMG): $(ELF)
@@ -69,9 +73,10 @@ $(ELF): $(LD_SCRIPT) $(TARGET_OBJS) $(OBJS)
 	$(CC) -c $< -o $@ $(INCLUDE) $(CCFLAGS)
 
 clean:
-	-rm $(OBJS) $(CPIO)
+	-rm $(OBJS) $(CPIO) $(ROOTFS_DIR)/userprog
-	$(MAKE) clean_target TARGET_DIR=./kernel TARGET=kernel8
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKEFLAGS) clean_target TARGET_DIR=kernel TARGET=kernel8
-	$(MAKE) clean_target TARGET_DIR=./bootloader TARGET=bootloader
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKEFLAGS) clean_target TARGET_DIR=bootloader TARGET=bootloader
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKEFLAGS) clean_target TARGET_DIR=userprog TARGET=userprog
 
 clean_target:
 	-rm $(TARGET_OBJS) $(ELF) $(IMG)
@@ -80,15 +85,23 @@ run: all $(CPIO)
 	$(QEMU) -kernel bootloader.img $(QEMUFLAGS) -serial pty
 
 kernel: $(CPIO)
-	$(MAKE) build TARGET_DIR=kernel TARGET=kernel8
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKEFLAGS) build TARGET_DIR=kernel TARGET=kernel8
 	$(QEMU) -kernel kernel8.img $(QEMUFLAGS) -serial stdio
 
 bootloader: $(CPIO)
-	$(MAKE) build TARGET_DIR=./bootloader TARGET=bootloader
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKEFLAGS) build TARGET_DIR=bootloader TARGET=bootloader
 	$(QEMU) -kernel bootloader.img $(QEMUFLAGS)
 
-debug: all $(CPIO)
+userprog:
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKEFLAGS) build TARGET_DIR=userprog TARGET=userprog
+
+debug: $(CPIO)
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKEFLAGS) build TARGET_DIR=kernel TARGET=kernel8
 	$(QEMU) -kernel kernel8.img $(QEMUFLAGS) -serial stdio -S -s
 
 gdb:
 	$(GDB)
+
+objdump:
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKEFLAGS) build TARGET_DIR=kernel TARGET=kernel8
+	$(OBJDUMP) -D kernel8.elf

include/errcode.h

@@ -6,3 +6,5 @@
 #define ERR_OUT_OF_BOUND 0x00000004
 #define ERR_INVALID_OP   0x00000005
 #define ERR_INVALID_MEM  0x00000006
+#define ERR_NOT_EXIST    0x00000007
+#define ERR_ADMINKILL    0x00114514

include/logger.h

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ logger_cur = _Generic((msg), \
   FLUSH("[ERROR]: "); \
 }
 #else
-#define ERROR(val)
+#define ERROR(val) CLEAN
 #endif
 
 #if LOGLEVEL >= 1
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ logger_cur = _Generic((msg), \
   FLUSH("[INFOR]: "); \
 }
 #else
-#define INFOR(val)
+#define INFOR(val) CLEAN
 #endif
 
 #if LOGLEVEL >= 2
@@ -87,14 +87,21 @@ logger_cur = _Generic((msg), \
   LOG(val); \
   FLUSH("[DEBUG]: "); \
 }
-#define DEBUG_DTB(val) DEBUG(val)
+#else // #if LOGLEVEL >= 2
+#define DEBUG(val) CLEAN
+#endif // #if LOGLEVEL >= 2
+
+// #define DEBUG_DTB(val) DEBUG(val)
+#define DEBUG_DTB(val) CLEAN
+
+#define DEBUG_EXCEP(val) DEBUG(val)
+// #define DEBUG_EXCEP(val) CLEAN
+
 // #define DEBUG_MEM(val) DEBUG(val)
 #define DEBUG_MEM(val) CLEAN
-#else // #if LOGLEVEL >= 2
+
-#define DEBUG(val)
+// #define DEBUG_INITRD(val) DEBUG(val)
-#define DEBUG_DTB(val)
+#define DEBUG_INITRD(val) CLEAN
-#define DEBUG_MEM(val)
-#endif // #if LOGLEVEL >= 2
 
 extern char logger_buf[LOGGER_BUFLEN];
 extern char *logger_cur;

kernel/exception_table.S

@@ -44,10 +44,22 @@
 
 _null_handler:
 	save_all
-	bl not_implemented_interrupt
+	bl not_implemented_handler
 	load_all
 	eret
 
+_synchronous_handler:
+  save_all
+  bl synchronous_handler
+  load_all
+  eret
+
+_irq_handler:
+  save_all
+  bl irq_handler
+  load_all
+  eret
+
 .align 11
 .global exception_vector_table
 exception_vector_table:
@@ -60,18 +72,18 @@ exception_vector_table:
 	b _null_handler
 	.align 7
 
+	b _synchronous_handler
+	.align 7
+	b _irq_handler
+	.align 7
 	b _null_handler
 	.align 7
 	b _null_handler
-	.align 7
+	.align 7
-	b _null_handler
+
-	.align 7
+	b _synchronous_handler
-	b _null_handler
+	.align 7
-	.align 7
+	b _irq_handler
-
-	b _null_handler
-	.align 7
-	b _null_handler
 	.align 7
 	b _null_handler
 	.align 7

kernel/include/exception.h

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#pragma once
+
+void init_exception(void);
+void not_implemented_handler(void);
+void synchronous_handler(void);

kernel/include/exec.h

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#pragma once
+
+void user_exec(void *text, void *sp);

kernel/include/interrupt.h

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#define CORE0_TIMER_IRQ_CTRL ((volatile uint32_t *)0x40000040)
+#define CORE0_IRQ_SOURCE     ((volatile uint32_t *)0x40000060)
+
+enum :uint32_t {
+  CNTPNSIRQ_INT = ((uint32_t)1 << 1),
+  GPU_INT       = ((uint32_t)1 << 8)
+};
+
+void init_interrupt(void);
+void irq_handler(void);
+
+void enable_interrupt(void);
+void disable_interrupt(void);

kernel/include/shell.h

@@ -1,15 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <initrd.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
-
+#include <initrd.h>
-void help(void);
-void hello(void);
-void hwinfo(void);
-void memalloc(size_t size);
-void ls(file_node_t *root);
-void cat(file_node_t *root, const char *filename);
-void reboot(void);
 
 int // is continue
 shell(file_node_t *);

kernel/include/utils.h

@@ -43,8 +43,14 @@ void exit(int);
     : [a] "=r" (ret) \
   )
 
-#define W_SYSREG(val, reg) \
+#define W_SYSREG(reg, val) \
   asm volatile( \
     "msr " #reg ", %[a]" \
-    : [a] "r" (val) \
+    :: [a] "r" (val) \
+  )
+
+#define R_REG(ret, reg) \
+  asm volatile( \
+    "mov %[a], " #reg \
+    : [a] "=r" (ret) \
   )

kernel/lib/dtb.c

@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ void _memory_traverse()
 {
   dtb_reserved_entries = make_vector(0);
   while (fdt_memory_cur->address != 0 || fdt_memory_cur->size != 0) {
-    DEBUG(ntoh64(fdt_memory_cur->address));
+    DEBUG_DTB(ntoh64(fdt_memory_cur->address));
-    DEBUG(ntoh64(fdt_memory_cur->size));
+    DEBUG_DTB(ntoh64(fdt_memory_cur->size));
 
     VEC_PUSH(dtb_reserved_entries, fdt_memory_cur++);
   }
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ void fdt_traverse(const vector_t *struct_cbs)
   dtb_end = dtb_start +
     ntoh32(((fdt_header_t *)dtb_start)->totalsize);
 
-  DEBUG(fdt_memory_cur);
+  DEBUG_DTB(fdt_memory_cur);
-  DEBUG(fdt_struct_cur);
+  DEBUG_DTB(fdt_struct_cur);
   _memory_traverse();
   DEBUG_DTB("memory traverse done");
   _struct_traverse("", struct_cbs);

kernel/lib/exception.c

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#include <exception.h>
+#include <errcode.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <logger.h>
+#include <utils.h>
+
+void init_exception()
+{
+  asm volatile(
+    "adr x0, exception_vector_table" ENDL
+    "msr vbar_el1, x0" ENDL
+    ::: "x0"
+  );
+}
+
+void not_implemented_handler()
+{
+  DEBUG_EXCEP("not implemented caught");
+}
+
+void synchronous_handler()
+{
+  static int count = 0;
+  if (count++ > 5)
+    exit(ERR_ADMINKILL);
+  DEBUG_EXCEP("synchronous caught");
+  uint64_t x0 = 0x0;
+  R_REG(x0, x0);
+  LOG(x0);
+  
+  uint64_t spsr_el1 = 0x0;
+  R_SYSREG(spsr_el1, spsr_el1);
+  LOG(spsr_el1);
+
+  uint64_t elr_el1 = 0x0;
+  R_SYSREG(elr_el1, elr_el1);
+  LOG(elr_el1);
+
+  uint64_t esr_el1 = 0x0;
+  R_SYSREG(esr_el1, esr_el1);
+  DEBUG_EXCEP(esr_el1);
+}

kernel/lib/exec.c

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#include <exec.h>
+#include <utils.h>
+
+void user_exec(void *text, void *sp)
+{
+  // enable core timer
+  uint64_t cntkctl_el1 = 0x0;
+  R_SYSREG(cntkctl_el1, cntkctl_el1);
+  W_SYSREG(cntkctl_el1, cntkctl_el1 | 1);
+  W_SYSREG(cntp_ctl_el0, 1);
+  
+  W_SYSREG(spsr_el1, 0);
+  W_SYSREG(elr_el1, text);
+  W_SYSREG(sp_el0, sp);
+  asm volatile("eret");
+}

kernel/lib/interrupt.c

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#include <interrupt.h>
+#include <utils.h>
+#include <logger.h>
+#include <errcode.h>
+
+void init_interrupt(void)
+{
+  uint64_t cntfrq_el0;
+  R_SYSREG(cntfrq_el0, cntfrq_el0);
+  W_SYSREG(cntp_tval_el0, cntfrq_el0);
+
+  *CORE0_TIMER_IRQ_CTRL = 0x2;
+}
+
+static inline
+void _uart_irq_handler(void)
+{
+  DEBUG_EXCEP("uart irq");
+}
+
+static inline
+void _timer_irq_handler(void)
+{
+  LOG("timer irq");
+
+  uint64_t cntpct_el0;
+  R_SYSREG(cntpct_el0, cntpct_el0);
+  DEBUG_EXCEP(cntpct_el0);
+
+  uint64_t cntfrq_el0;
+  R_SYSREG(cntfrq_el0, cntfrq_el0);
+  W_SYSREG(cntp_tval_el0, cntfrq_el0);
+}
+
+void irq_handler(void)
+{
+  LOG("irq caught");
+  uint64_t irq_source = *CORE0_IRQ_SOURCE;
+  DEBUG_EXCEP(irq_source);
+
+  *CORE0_TIMER_IRQ_CTRL = 0x0;
+  if (irq_source & GPU_INT)
+    _uart_irq_handler();
+  if (irq_source & CNTPNSIRQ_INT)
+    _timer_irq_handler();
+
+  *CORE0_TIMER_IRQ_CTRL = 0x2;
+}
+
+void enable_interrupt(void)
+{
+  asm volatile("msr DAIFClr, 0xf");
+}
+
+void disable_interrupt(void)
+{
+  asm volatile("msr DAIFSet, 0xf");
+}

kernel/lib/shell.c

@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 #include <stddef.h>
+#include <errcode.h>
 #include <kmalloc.h>
 #include <utils.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <uart.h>
 #include <mbox.h>
 #include <shell.h>
+#include <exec.h>
+#include <mman.h>
 
 #define INPUT_BUFLEN 1000
 
@@ -13,25 +16,29 @@
 #define PM_RSTC 0x3F10001c
 #define PM_WDOG 0x3F100024
 
-void help (void)
+static inline
+void _help (void)
 {
   uart_puts(
-    "help     : print this help menu" ENDL
+    "help           : print this help menu" ENDL
-    "hello    : print Hello World!" ENDL
+    "hello          : print Hello World!" ENDL
-    "hwinfo   : print hardware info" ENDL
+    "hwinfo         : print hardware info" ENDL
-    "memalloc : alloate memory and print" ENDL
+    "memalloc <size>: alloate memory and print" ENDL
-    "ls       : list directory contents" ENDL
+    "ls             : list directory contents" ENDL
-    "cat      : concatenate files and print" ENDL
+    "cat      <file>: concatenate files and print" ENDL
-    "reboot   : reboot the device" ENDL
+    "exec     <file>: execute file in usermode" ENDL
+    "reboot         : reboot the device" ENDL
   );
 }
 
-void hello (void)
+static inline
+void _hello (void)
 {
   uart_puts("hello, world" ENDL);
 }
 
-void hwinfo (void)
+static inline
+void _hwinfo (void)
 {
   uart_puts(
     "hwinfo: " ENDL
@@ -51,7 +58,8 @@ void hwinfo (void)
   uart_puts(ENDL);
 }
 
-void memalloc(size_t size)
+static inline
+void _memalloc(size_t size)
 {
   void *addr = kmalloc(size);
   uart_puts("size: ");
@@ -63,40 +71,60 @@ void memalloc(size_t size)
   uart_puts(ENDL);
 }
 
-void ls_initrd_callback(file_node_t *tr)
+static inline
+void _ls_initrd_callback(file_node_t *tr)
 {
   uart_puts(tr->filename);
   uart_puts(ENDL);
 }
 
-void ls(file_node_t *root)
+static inline
+void _ls(file_node_t *root)
 {
-  initrd_traverse(root, ls_initrd_callback);
+  initrd_traverse(root, _ls_initrd_callback);
 }
 
-void cat(file_node_t *root, const char *filename)
+static inline
+void _cat(file_node_t *root, const char *filename)
 {
   file_node_t *tr = initrd_get(root, filename);
   if (tr) {
     uart_puts((char *)tr->filecontent);
   } else {
-    uart_puts("FILE NOT EXIST!" ENDL);
+    exit(ERR_NOT_EXIST);
   }
 }
 
-void set(long addr, unsigned int value) {
+static inline
-    volatile unsigned int* point = (unsigned int*)addr;
+void _exec(file_node_t *root, const char *filename)
-    *point = value;
-}
-
-void reset(int tick) {                 // reboot after watchdog timer expire
-    set(PM_RSTC, PM_PASSWORD | 0x20);  // full reset
-    set(PM_WDOG, PM_PASSWORD | tick);  // number of watchdog tick
-}
-
-void reboot(void)
 {
-  reset(1 << 16);
+  file_node_t *tr = initrd_get(root, filename);
+  if (tr) {
+    void *userspace = allocate_page(1 << 6);
+    memcpy(userspace, tr->filecontent, tr->filesize);
+    user_exec(userspace, userspace + (1 << (12 + 6)) - 8);
+    kfree(userspace);
+  } else {
+    exit(ERR_NOT_EXIST);
+  }
+}
+
+static inline
+void _set(long addr, unsigned int value) {
+  volatile unsigned int* point = (unsigned int*)addr;
+  *point = value;
+}
+
+static inline
+void _reset(int tick) {               // reboot after watchdog timer expire
+  _set(PM_RSTC, PM_PASSWORD | 0x20);  // full reset
+  _set(PM_WDOG, PM_PASSWORD | tick);  // number of watchdog tick
+}
+
+static inline
+void _reboot(void)
+{
+  _reset(1 << 16);
 }
 
 int shell(file_node_t *initrd_root)
@@ -127,19 +155,21 @@ int shell(file_node_t *initrd_root)
   *j = '\0';
 
   if (!strcmp(bin, "help")) {
-    help();
+    _help();
   } else if (!strcmp(bin, "hello")) {
-    hello();
+    _hello();
   } else if (!strcmp(bin, "hwinfo")) {
-    hwinfo();
+    _hwinfo();
   } else if (!strcmp(bin, "memalloc")){
-    memalloc((size_t)atoi32(param));
+    _memalloc((size_t)atoi32(param));
   } else if (!strcmp(bin, "ls")) {
-    ls(initrd_root);
+    _ls(initrd_root);
   } else if (!strcmp(bin, "cat")) {
-    cat(initrd_root, param);
+    _cat(initrd_root, param);
+  } else if (!strcmp(bin, "exec")) {
+    _exec(initrd_root, param);
   } else if (!strcmp(bin, "reboot")) {
-    reboot();
+    _reboot();
   }
   
   return true;

kernel/main.c

@@ -7,23 +7,28 @@
 #include <shell.h>
 #include <vector.h>
 #include <utils.h>
+#include <exception.h>
+#include <interrupt.h>
 
 void init(void *dtb, file_node_t **initrd_root)
 {
+  init_exception();
+  init_interrupt();
+
   // UART
   uart_init();
 
   // Device tree
-  INFOR(dtb);
+  DEBUG_DTB(dtb);
   dtb_start = dtb;
   vector_t *dtb_struct_cbs = make_vector(0);
   VEC_PUSH(dtb_struct_cbs, &initrd_dtb_cb);
   VEC_PUSH(dtb_struct_cbs, &mman_dtb_memory_cb);
   fdt_traverse(dtb_struct_cbs);
-  DEBUG("device tree parse done");
+  DEBUG_DTB("device tree parse done");
 
   // Initramfs
-  INFOR(initrd_start);
+  DEBUG_INITRD(initrd_start);
   *initrd_root = initrd_init();
 
   // Memory (Buddy system)

lib/uart.c

@@ -3,18 +3,20 @@
 #include <stddef.h>
 
 /* Auxilary mini UART registers */
-#define AUX_ENABLE      ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE+0x00215004))
+#define AUX_ENABLE      ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE + 0x00215004))
-#define AUX_MU_IO       ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE+0x00215040))
+#define AUX_MU_IO       ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE + 0x00215040))
-#define AUX_MU_IER      ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE+0x00215044))
+#define AUX_MU_IER      ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE + 0x00215044))
-#define AUX_MU_IIR      ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE+0x00215048))
+#define AUX_MU_IIR      ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE + 0x00215048))
-#define AUX_MU_LCR      ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE+0x0021504C))
+#define AUX_MU_LCR      ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE + 0x0021504C))
-#define AUX_MU_MCR      ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE+0x00215050))
+#define AUX_MU_MCR      ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE + 0x00215050))
-#define AUX_MU_LSR      ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE+0x00215054))
+#define AUX_MU_LSR      ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE + 0x00215054))
-#define AUX_MU_MSR      ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE+0x00215058))
+#define AUX_MU_MSR      ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE + 0x00215058))
-#define AUX_MU_SCRATCH  ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE+0x0021505C))
+#define AUX_MU_SCRATCH  ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE + 0x0021505C))
-#define AUX_MU_CNTL     ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE+0x00215060))
+#define AUX_MU_CNTL     ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE + 0x00215060))
-#define AUX_MU_STAT     ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE+0x00215064))
+#define AUX_MU_STAT     ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE + 0x00215064))
-#define AUX_MU_BAUD     ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE+0x00215068))
+#define AUX_MU_BAUD     ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE + 0x00215068))
+
+#define ARMINT_En_IRQs1 ((volatile unsigned int*)(MMIO_BASE + 0x0000b210))
 
 int is_uart_init = 0;
 
@@ -23,49 +25,52 @@ int is_uart_init = 0;
  */
 void uart_init()
 {
-    register unsigned int r;
+  register unsigned int r;
-    
-    /* initialize UART */
-    *AUX_ENABLE |=1;       // enable UART1, AUX mini uart
-    *AUX_MU_IER = 0;
-    *AUX_MU_CNTL = 0;
-    *AUX_MU_LCR = 3;       // 8 bits
-    *AUX_MU_MCR = 0;
-    *AUX_MU_IER = 0;
-    *AUX_MU_IIR = 0xc6;    // disable interrupts
-    *AUX_MU_BAUD = 270;    // 115200 baud
-    /* map UART1 to GPIO pins */
-    r=*GPFSEL1;
-    r&=~((7<<12)|(7<<15)); // gpio14, gpio15
-    r|=(2<<12)|(2<<15);    // alt5
-    *GPFSEL1 = r;
-    *GPPUD = 0;            // enable pins 14 and 15
-    r=150; while(r--) { asm volatile("nop"); }
-    *GPPUDCLK0 = (1<<14)|(1<<15);
-    r=150; while(r--) { asm volatile("nop"); }
-    *GPPUDCLK0 = 0;        // flush GPIO setup
-    *AUX_MU_CNTL = 3;      // enable Tx, Rx
 
-    is_uart_init = 1;
+  /* initialize UART */
+  *AUX_ENABLE |= 1;       // enable UART1, AUX mini uart
+  *AUX_MU_IER  = 1;
+  *AUX_MU_CNTL = 0;
+  *AUX_MU_LCR  = 3;       // 8 bits
+  *AUX_MU_MCR  = 0;
+  *AUX_MU_IER  = 0;
+  *AUX_MU_IIR  = 0xc6;    // disable interrupts
+  *AUX_MU_BAUD = 270;    // 115200 baud
+  /* map UART1 to GPIO pins */
+  r = *GPFSEL1;
+  r &= ~((7 << 12) | (7 << 15)); // gpio14, gpio15
+  r |= (2 << 12) | (2 << 15);    // alt5
+  *GPFSEL1 = r;
+  *GPPUD = 0;            // enable pins 14 and 15
+  r = 150; while (r--) { asm volatile("nop"); }
+  *GPPUDCLK0 = (1 << 14) | (1 << 15);
+  r = 150; while (r--) { asm volatile("nop"); }
+  *GPPUDCLK0 = 0;        // flush GPIO setup
+  *AUX_MU_CNTL = 3;      // enable Tx, Rx
+
+  *ARMINT_En_IRQs1 |= (1 << 29);
+
+  is_uart_init = 1;
 }
 
 /**
  * Send a character
  */
-void uart_send(unsigned int c) {
+void uart_send(unsigned int c)
-    /* wait until we can send */
+{
-    do{asm volatile("nop");}while(!(*AUX_MU_LSR&0x20));
+  /* wait until we can send */
-    /* write the character to the buffer */
+  do { asm volatile("nop"); } while (!(*AUX_MU_LSR & 0x20));
-    *AUX_MU_IO=c;
+  /* write the character to the buffer */
+  *AUX_MU_IO = c;
 }
 
 uint8_t uart_getb()
 {
   uint8_t r;
   /* wait until something is in the buffer */
-  do{asm volatile("nop");}while(!(*AUX_MU_LSR&0x01));
+  do { asm volatile("nop"); } while (!(*AUX_MU_LSR & 0x01));
   /* read it and return */
-  r=(uint8_t)(*AUX_MU_IO);
+  r = (uint8_t)(*AUX_MU_IO);
 
   return r;
 }
@@ -73,38 +78,40 @@ uint8_t uart_getb()
 /**
  * Receive a character
  */
-char uart_getc() {
+char uart_getc()
+{
   char r = (char)uart_getb();
 
   /* convert carrige return to newline */
-  return r=='\r'?'\n':r;
+  return r == '\r' ? '\n' : r;
 }
 
 /**
  * Display a string
  */
-void uart_puts(const char *s) {
+void uart_puts(const char *s)
-    while(*s) {
+{
-        /* convert newline to carrige return + newline */
+  while (*s) {
-        if(*s=='\n')
+    /* convert newline to carrige return + newline */
-            uart_send('\r');
+    if(*s == '\n')
-        uart_send(*s++);
+      uart_send('\r');
-    }
+    uart_send(*s++);
+  }
 }
 
 /**
  * Display a binary value in hexadecimal
  */
-void uart_hex(uint64_t d) {
+void uart_hex(uint64_t d)
-    unsigned int n;
+{
-    int c;
+  unsigned int n;
-    for(c=28;c>=0;c-=4) {
+  for (int c = 28; c >= 0; c -= 4) {
-        // get highest tetrad
+    // get highest tetrad
-        n=(d>>c)&0xF;
+    n = (d >> c) & 0xF;
-        // 0-9 => '0'-'9', 10-15 => 'A'-'F'
+    // 0-9 => '0'-'9', 10-15 => 'A'-'F'
-        n+=n>9?0x37:0x30;
+    n += n > 9 ? 0x37 : 0x30;
-        uart_send(n);
+    uart_send(n);
-    }
+  }
 }
 
 void uart_int(int d)

userprog/Start.S

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+.section ".text"
+.global _start
+_start:
+	mov x0, 0
+loop:
+	add x0, x0, 1
+	svc 0
+	cmp x0, 5
+	blt loop
+wait:
+	b wait

userprog/linker.ld

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+ENTRY(_start)
+
+SECTIONS
+{
+    .text : { 
+        *(.text.start)
+        *(.text)
+    }
+    .rodata : {
+        *(.rodata)
+    }
+    .data : {
+        *(.data)
+    }
+    .bss : {
+        *(.bss)
+    }
+}